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八年级生物营养物质,
另外,脂溶性维生素还有维生素E、维生素K等,其中的维生素E与生殖、抗衰老等有关,一些维生素E化妆品等与此有关。维生素K与凝血有关。
水溶性维生素包括B族维生素和维生素C。
(3)维生素B1
其主要功能是:维持人体正常的新陈代谢,以及神经系统的正常生理功能。缺乏者患神经炎,食欲不振、消化不良,胃肠工作障碍。严重时患脚气病,下肢沉重,手足皮肤麻木,心跳加快,心肌炎。
维生素B1的来源是:糙米、鱼、瘦肉。特别是糙米中, 500g糙米中含有0. 38毫克的维生素B1。每人每天需要1.1~2.1毫克。所以,吃米时不要洗得“太“干净。
(4)维生素C
其主要功能是:维持正常的新陈代谢,维持骨骼、肌肉和血管的正常生理作用,增强抵抗力。另外,维生素C还能够促进伤口愈合,增加白细胞对细菌的吞噬能力。促进抗体的形成,另外还可钝化病毒。最近的研究表明,维生素C对抗癌有作用。总之,维生素C的作用是很大的。缺乏者会出现坏血病。通过前面的故事,同学已经知道从水果,如鲜枣、橘子、番茄、蔬菜中补充。
5.无机盐:
在体内含量不多,仅占体重的4%左右,但其作用十分重要。其作用主要包括:
构成人体组织的重要材料和维持人体正常的生理活动。例如:钙和磷是构成骨骼和牙齿的重要成分,缺钙的人患佝偻病(成年患骨软化症),而钙的来源主要是奶制品、深绿色蔬菜和豆类。青春期每日应摄入1000~1200毫克,成年人每日600毫克,孕妇每日1500毫克。
再如:铁是构成血红蛋白的一种成分。缺铁会造成缺铁性贫血,而食物中的铁不易被吸收。而相时而言,具血红素结构的铁就较易吸收,所以补铁方式是,多吃瘦肉、鱼、奶类、蛋、豆类。传统观点是,多吃菠菜补铁。其实,菠菜中含铁2.9毫克/100克,在蔬菜中的确是含量高的,但是,菠菜中含大量的草酸,而草酸会和食物中的钙结合,形成草酸钙沉淀物,影响食物的营养,所以在食用菠菜时,应先用水焯一下。
关于各种食物的营养,可参考课本P. 124~P. 128。
6.水:
最后讲水,水是人体内不可缺少的重要物质,约占体重的60%~70%左右,水是细胞的主要组成成分。人体离不开水。人体内的营养和废物等都必须溶解在水里运输。
小资料
阅读材料的原文:
DIGESTION AND NUTRITION
Surrounded by snow and ice, an Aleut hunter slices slabs of raw whale blubber for dinner. In a village in Nepa1, a grandmother eats on1y a bowl of rice, Ten thousand miles away,an American college student downs a bacon cheeseburger, a salad and coffee, Hot chilis, salt-ed fish and cassava tubers.
Through it al1,our digestive systems receive whatever we choose to swallow and convert that array of foods into carbohydrates, lipids and proteins the body can use for energy and to build, repair and maintain its role in homeostasis, and thus in survival. The system plays a key consists basically of a food-processing tube and some accessory organs.
Many Americans have poor eating habits. They may eat large quantities of snack foods,skip meals, or eat too much and often too fast. Worse yet, the typical American diet tends to be high in fat, cholesterol and salt. The world distribution of some illnesses suggests that the body may pay a high price for certain dietary habits。 For example, in the United States a fat1aden diet is a mayor contributor to health-threatening obesity and heart disease. Obesity a1so increases an adult‘s risk of developing diabetes and contributes to other health prob1ems. In regions where salt-cured and smoke-cured foods are staples,the rates of stomach and esophagus cancer are disturbingly high. Nongenetic colon cancer is much more prevalent among people whose diets lack sufficient fiber,as is common in the United States. Most people of rural Africa and India cannot afford to eat much more than whole grains, which are high in fiber content, and they rarely suffer colon cancer.
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八年级生物营养物质
八年级生物营养物质
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发布日期:06-12 15:28:14 | 八年级生物教案